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A term used widely but imprecisely to refer to all the 'progressive' movements in 19th-20th-c art. Accounts vary: some consider Goya the first modern artist; others prefer Manet. What is agreed is that towards the end of the 19th-c a number of artists, including @Cézanne, Gauguin, van Gogh, Ensor, and Munch, challenged in various ways the traditional approach to painting based on such notions as naturalistic figure-drawing and Renaissance perspective.
Their innovations inspired the younger generation around 1904-5 (in Paris, Rouault, Matisse, Picasso; in Dresden, Kirchner, Heckel, Schmitt-Rottluff). Picasso and Braque developed Cubism (1906-8), the most widely influential of all modern movements. The Blaue Reiter group in Munich pushed further away from imitation (1912-14), and a purely abstract art soon emerged in the hands of Kandinsky and Klee.
In Moscow in 1917 Malevich developed a totally abstract art which he called 'Suprematism'. By 1916 a nihilist reaction known as 'Dadaism' was already emerging in Zürich; it attacked all artistic values, but itself contributed to the ideas of the early Surrealists, who launched their first manifesto in Paris in 1924.
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